ARE MICROGLIAL CELLS INVOLVED IN THE SUCCESS OF THE MEDICAL ACT?

ARE MICROGLIAL CELLS INVOLVED IN THE SUCCESS OF THE MEDICAL ACT?

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Title: ARE MICROGLIAL CELLS INVOLVED IN THE SUCCESS OF THE MEDICAL ACT?
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Article_Title: ARE MICROGLIAL CELLS INVOLVED IN THE SUCCESS OF THE MEDICAL ACT?
Authors: 1Natalia Alina Topor, 2Dana Olar, 3Cecilia Avram, 4Ramona Burlacu
Affiliation: 1Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 2Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 3Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 4Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad
Abstract: An important component of medical treatment is doctor patient relationship, which has an important role in the success of medical care. There have been shown the possibility that microglial priming in the brain by the psychoimmune memory activates the unconscious mind through the brain-mind structural system in the specific transfer situation that marks doctor patient relationship. Microglia, as a key player in connecting the two worlds, consciously and unconsciously, also can make the connection between mind and brain / body, can be a interdisciplinary bridge between the medical and psychological, becoming the star of neuroscience.
Keywords: brain, immune, microglia, neural, transference.
References: Alvarez, M. J., Roura, P., Oses, A., Foguet, Q., Sola, J., and Arrufat, F. X. (2011). Prevalence and clinical impact of childhood trauma in patients with severe mental disorders. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 199, 156–161.
Barres, B. A. (2008). The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron 60, 430–440.
Bebbington, P., Jonas, S., Kuipers, E., King, M., Cooper, C., Brugha, T., et al. (2011). Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: data from a cross-sectional national psychiatric survey in England. Br. J. Psychiatry 199, 29–37.
Bilbo, S. D., and Schwarz, J. M. (2009). Early-life programming of later-life brain and behavior: a critical role for the immune system. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 3:14. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.014.2009
Block, M. L., and Hong, J. S. (2005). Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog. Neurobiol. 76, 77–98.
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., and Hong, J. S. (2007). Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 57–69.
Erdelyi, M. H. (1985). Psychoanalysis: Freud’s Cognitive Psychology. New York, NY: Freeman.
Frank, M. G., Baratta, M. V., Sprunger, D. B., Watkins, L. R., and Maier, S. F. (2007). Microglia serve as a neuroimmune substrate for stress-induced potentiation of CNS pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Brain Behav. Immun. 21, 47–59.
Freud, S. (1895). “Letter from Freud to Fliess, January 1, 1896,” in The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 158–162.
Freud, S. (1900). “The interpretation of dreams,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IV (1900): the Interpretation of Dreams (First Part), ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), ix–627.
Freud, S. (1905). “Three essays on the theory of sexuality,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume VII (1901–1905): a Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 123–246.
Freud, S. (1933a). “New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XXII (1932-1936): New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 1–182.
Freud, S. (1933b). “Why war?” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XXII (1932-1936): New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 195–216.
Freud, S. (1950 [1895]). “Project for a scientific psychology,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume I (1886–1899): Pre-Psycho-Analytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 281–391.
Giaume, C., Kirchhoff, F., Matute, C., Reichenbach, A., and Verkhratsky, A. (2007). Glia: the fulcrum of brain diseases. Cell Death Differ. 14, 1324–1335.
Graeber, M. B. (2010). Changing face of microglia. Science 330, 783–788.
Graeber, M. B., and Streit, W. J. (2010). Microglia: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 119, 89–105.
Hanisch, U. K., and Kettenmann, H. (2007). Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1387–1394.
Hinwood, M., Morandini, J., Day, T. A., and Walker, F. R. (2012a). Evidence that microglia mediate the neurobiological effects of chronic psychological stress on the medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 22, 1442–1454.
Hinwood, M., Tynan, R. J., Charnley, J. L., Beynon, S. B., Day, T. A., and Walker, F. R. (2012b). Chronic stress induced remodeling of the prefrontal cortex: structural re-organization of microglia and the inhibitory effect of minocycline. Cereb. Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs151. [Epub ahead of print].
Hovens, J. G., Giltay, E. J., Wiersma, J. E., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B. W., and Zitman, F. G. (2012). Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 126, 198–207.
Hughes, P. (1999) Dynamic Psychotherapy Explained. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press.
Hughes, P.2000 Transference and countertransference in communication between doctor and patient, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2000)6: 57-64doi: 10.1192/apt.6.1.57
Inoue, K., and Tsuda, M. (2009). Microglia and neuropathic pain. Glia 57, 1469–1479.
Kato TA and Kanba S (2013) Are microglia minding us? Digging up the unconscious mind-brain relationship from a neuropsychoanalytic approach. Front. Hum. Neuroscience
Kato, T., Mizoguchi, Y., Monji, A., Horikawa, H., Suzuki, S. O., Seki, Y., et al. (2008). Inhibitory effects of aripiprazole on interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation via intracellular Ca2+ regulation in vitro. J. Neurochem. 106, 815–825.
Kato, T., Monji, A., Hashioka, S., and Kanba, S. (2007). Risperidone significantly inhibits interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation in vitro. Schizophr. Res. 92, 108–115.
Kato, T. A., Monji, A., Mizoguchi, Y., Hashioka, S., Horikawa, H., Seki, Y., et al. (2011a). Anti-Inflammatory properties of antipsychotics via microglia modulations: are antipsychotics a “fire extinguisher” in the brain of schizophrenia? Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 11, 565–574.
Kato, T. A., Monji, A., Yasukawa, K., Mizoguchi, Y., Horikawa, H., Seki, Y., et al. (2011b). Aripiprazole inhibits superoxide generation from phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA)-stimulated microglia in vitro: implication for antioxidative psychotropic actions via microglia. Schizophr. Res. 129, 172–182.
Kato, T. A., Watabe, M., Tsuboi, S., Ishikawa, K., Hashiya, K., Monji, A., et al. (2012). Minocycline modulates human social decision-making: possible impact of microglia on personality-oriented social behaviors. PLoS ONE 7:e40461. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040461
Kato, T. A., Yamauchi, Y., Horikawa, H., Monji, A., Mizoguchi, Y., Seki, Y., et al. (2013). Neurotransmitters, psychotropic drugs and microglia: clinical implications for psychiatry. Curr. Med. Chem. 20, 331–344.
Kernberg, O. F. (2012). The seeking system and Freud’s Dual-Drive Theory Today.Neuropsychoanalysis 14, 50–52.
Kettenmann, H., Hanisch, U. K., Noda, M., and Verkhratsky, A. (2011). Physiology of microglia. Physiol. Rev. 91, 461–553.
Klein, M. (1957). “Envy and Gratitude,” in The Writing of Melanie Klein, Volume 5. Envy and Gratitude and Other Works (1946–1963), ed R. E. Money-Kyrle (London: Hogarth Press), 176–235.
Maes, M., Fisar, Z., Medina, M., Scapagnini, G., Nowak, G., and Berk, M. (2012). New drug targets in depression: inflammatory, cell-mediated immune, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial, antioxidant, and neuroprogressive pathways. And new drug candidates–Nrf2 activators and GSK-3 inhibitors. Inflammopharmacology20, 127–150.
Maes, M., Galecki, P., Chang, Y. S., and Berk, M. (2011). A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (OandNS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro)degenerative processes in that illness. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 676–692.
Morgan, J. T., Chana, G., Pardo, C. A., Achim, C., Semendeferi, K., Buckwalter, J., et al. (2010). Microglial activation and increased microglial density observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in autism. Biol. Psychiatry 68, 368–376.
Morgan, Z., Brugha, T., Fryers, T., and Stewart-Brown, S. (2012). The effects of parent-child relationships on later life mental health status in two national birth cohorts. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 47, 1707–1715.
Ng, F., Berk, M., Dean, O., and Bush, A. I. (2008). Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11, 851–876.
Northoff, G. (2012). Psychoanalysis and the brain – why did freud abandon neuroscience? Front. Psychol. 3:71. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00071
Penrose, L. S. (1931). Freud’s theory of instinct and other psycho-biological theories.Int. J. Psychoanal. 12, 87–97.
Pocock, J. M., and Kettenmann, H. (2007). Neurotransmitter receptors on microglia.Trends Neurosci. 30, 527–535.
Ransohoff, R. M., and Stevens, B. (2011). Neuroscience. How many cell types does it take to wire a brain? Science 333, 1391–1392.
Rooks, C., Veledar, E., Goldberg, J., Bremner, J. D., and Vaccarino, V. (2012). Early trauma and inflammation: role of familial factors in a study of twins. Psychosom. Med. 74, 146–152.
Schiavone, S., Sorce, S., Dubois-Dauphin, M., Jaquet, V., Colaianna, M., Zotti, M., et al. (2009). Involvement of NOX2 in the development of behavioral and pathologic alterations in isolated rats. Biol. Psychiatry 66, 384–392.
Solms, M., and Lechevalier, B. (2002). Neurosciences and psychoanalysis. Int. J. Psychoanal. 83, 233–237.
Solms, M., and Turnbull, O. (2002). The Brain and the Inner World: An Introduction to the Neuroscience of
Sugama, S., Fujita, M., Hashimoto, M., and Conti, B. (2007). Stress induced morphological microglial activation in the rodent brain: involvement of interleukin-18. Neuroscience 146, 1388–1399.
Sugama, S., Takenouchi, T., Fujita, M., Conti, B., and Hashimoto, M. (2009). Differential microglial activation between acute stress and lipopolysaccharide treatment. J. Neuroimmunol. 207, 24–31.
Tynan, R. J., Naicker, S., Hinwood, M., Nalivaiko, E., Buller, K. M., Pow, D. V., et al. (2010). Chronic stress alters the density and morphology of microglia in a subset of stress-responsive brain regions. Brain Behav. Immun. 24, 1058–1068.
Wake, H., Moorhouse, A. J., Jinno, S., Kohsaka, S., and Nabekura, J. (2009). Resting microglia directly monitor the functional state of synapses in vivo and determine the fate of ischemic terminals. J. Neurosci. 29, 3974–3980.
Williamson, L. L., Sholar, P. W., Mistry, R. S., Smith, S. H., and Bilbo, S. D. (2011). Microglia and memory: modulation by early-life infection. J. Neurosci. 31, 15511–15521.
Wohleb, E. S., Hanke, M. L., Corona, A. W., Powell, N. D., Stiner, L. M., Bailey, M. T., et al. (2011). Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism prevents anxiety-like behavior and microglial reactivity induced by repeated social defeat. J. Neurosci. 31, 6277–6288.
Read_full_article: pdf/vol16/iss1-4/11 JMA 2013 Natalia Alina Topor.pdf
Correspondence: Natalia Alina Topor, “Vasile Goldiş” Western University Arad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Life Science, no. 1 Constitution St., 310396, Arad, Romania, Tel. +40-(257)-222222, Fax. +40-(257)-222222, email alinatopor@gmail.com

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Article Title: ARE MICROGLIAL CELLS INVOLVED IN THE SUCCESS OF THE MEDICAL ACT?
Authors: 1Natalia Alina Topor, 2Dana Olar, 3Cecilia Avram, 4Ramona Burlacu
Affiliation: 1Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 2Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 3Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 4Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad
Abstract: An important component of medical treatment is doctor patient relationship, which has an important role in the success of medical care. There have been shown the possibility that microglial priming in the brain by the psychoimmune memory activates the unconscious mind through the brain-mind structural system in the specific transfer situation that marks doctor patient relationship. Microglia, as a key player in connecting the two worlds, consciously and unconsciously, also can make the connection between mind and brain / body, can be a interdisciplinary bridge between the medical and psychological, becoming the star of neuroscience.
Keywords: brain, immune, microglia, neural, transference.
References: Alvarez, M. J., Roura, P., Oses, A., Foguet, Q., Sola, J., and Arrufat, F. X. (2011). Prevalence and clinical impact of childhood trauma in patients with severe mental disorders. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 199, 156–161.
Barres, B. A. (2008). The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron 60, 430–440.
Bebbington, P., Jonas, S., Kuipers, E., King, M., Cooper, C., Brugha, T., et al. (2011). Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: data from a cross-sectional national psychiatric survey in England. Br. J. Psychiatry 199, 29–37.
Bilbo, S. D., and Schwarz, J. M. (2009). Early-life programming of later-life brain and behavior: a critical role for the immune system. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 3:14. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.014.2009
Block, M. L., and Hong, J. S. (2005). Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog. Neurobiol. 76, 77–98.
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., and Hong, J. S. (2007). Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 57–69.
Erdelyi, M. H. (1985). Psychoanalysis: Freud’s Cognitive Psychology. New York, NY: Freeman.
Frank, M. G., Baratta, M. V., Sprunger, D. B., Watkins, L. R., and Maier, S. F. (2007). Microglia serve as a neuroimmune substrate for stress-induced potentiation of CNS pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Brain Behav. Immun. 21, 47–59.
Freud, S. (1895). “Letter from Freud to Fliess, January 1, 1896,” in The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 158–162.
Freud, S. (1900). “The interpretation of dreams,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IV (1900): the Interpretation of Dreams (First Part), ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), ix–627.
Freud, S. (1905). “Three essays on the theory of sexuality,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume VII (1901–1905): a Case of Hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 123–246.
Freud, S. (1933a). “New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XXII (1932-1936): New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 1–182.
Freud, S. (1933b). “Why war?” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XXII (1932-1936): New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis and Other Works, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 195–216.
Freud, S. (1950 [1895]). “Project for a scientific psychology,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume I (1886–1899): Pre-Psycho-Analytic Publications and Unpublished Drafts, ed J. Strachey (London: Hogarth Press), 281–391.
Giaume, C., Kirchhoff, F., Matute, C., Reichenbach, A., and Verkhratsky, A. (2007). Glia: the fulcrum of brain diseases. Cell Death Differ. 14, 1324–1335.
Graeber, M. B. (2010). Changing face of microglia. Science 330, 783–788.
Graeber, M. B., and Streit, W. J. (2010). Microglia: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 119, 89–105.
Hanisch, U. K., and Kettenmann, H. (2007). Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1387–1394.
Hinwood, M., Morandini, J., Day, T. A., and Walker, F. R. (2012a). Evidence that microglia mediate the neurobiological effects of chronic psychological stress on the medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 22, 1442–1454.
Hinwood, M., Tynan, R. J., Charnley, J. L., Beynon, S. B., Day, T. A., and Walker, F. R. (2012b). Chronic stress induced remodeling of the prefrontal cortex: structural re-organization of microglia and the inhibitory effect of minocycline. Cereb. Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs151. [Epub ahead of print].
Hovens, J. G., Giltay, E. J., Wiersma, J. E., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B. W., and Zitman, F. G. (2012). Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 126, 198–207.
Hughes, P. (1999) Dynamic Psychotherapy Explained. Oxford: Radcliffe Medical Press.
Hughes, P.2000 Transference and countertransference in communication between doctor and patient, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2000)6: 57-64doi: 10.1192/apt.6.1.57
Inoue, K., and Tsuda, M. (2009). Microglia and neuropathic pain. Glia 57, 1469–1479.
Kato TA and Kanba S (2013) Are microglia minding us? Digging up the unconscious mind-brain relationship from a neuropsychoanalytic approach. Front. Hum. Neuroscience
Kato, T., Mizoguchi, Y., Monji, A., Horikawa, H., Suzuki, S. O., Seki, Y., et al. (2008). Inhibitory effects of aripiprazole on interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation via intracellular Ca2+ regulation in vitro. J. Neurochem. 106, 815–825.
Kato, T., Monji, A., Hashioka, S., and Kanba, S. (2007). Risperidone significantly inhibits interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation in vitro. Schizophr. Res. 92, 108–115.
Kato, T. A., Monji, A., Mizoguchi, Y., Hashioka, S., Horikawa, H., Seki, Y., et al. (2011a). Anti-Inflammatory properties of antipsychotics via microglia modulations: are antipsychotics a “fire extinguisher” in the brain of schizophrenia? Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 11, 565–574.
Kato, T. A., Monji, A., Yasukawa, K., Mizoguchi, Y., Horikawa, H., Seki, Y., et al. (2011b). Aripiprazole inhibits superoxide generation from phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA)-stimulated microglia in vitro: implication for antioxidative psychotropic actions via microglia. Schizophr. Res. 129, 172–182.
Kato, T. A., Watabe, M., Tsuboi, S., Ishikawa, K., Hashiya, K., Monji, A., et al. (2012). Minocycline modulates human social decision-making: possible impact of microglia on personality-oriented social behaviors. PLoS ONE 7:e40461. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040461
Kato, T. A., Yamauchi, Y., Horikawa, H., Monji, A., Mizoguchi, Y., Seki, Y., et al. (2013). Neurotransmitters, psychotropic drugs and microglia: clinical implications for psychiatry. Curr. Med. Chem. 20, 331–344.
Kernberg, O. F. (2012). The seeking system and Freud’s Dual-Drive Theory Today.Neuropsychoanalysis 14, 50–52.
Kettenmann, H., Hanisch, U. K., Noda, M., and Verkhratsky, A. (2011). Physiology of microglia. Physiol. Rev. 91, 461–553.
Klein, M. (1957). “Envy and Gratitude,” in The Writing of Melanie Klein, Volume 5. Envy and Gratitude and Other Works (1946–1963), ed R. E. Money-Kyrle (London: Hogarth Press), 176–235.
Maes, M., Fisar, Z., Medina, M., Scapagnini, G., Nowak, G., and Berk, M. (2012). New drug targets in depression: inflammatory, cell-mediated immune, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial, antioxidant, and neuroprogressive pathways. And new drug candidates–Nrf2 activators and GSK-3 inhibitors. Inflammopharmacology20, 127–150.
Maes, M., Galecki, P., Chang, Y. S., and Berk, M. (2011). A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (OandNS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro)degenerative processes in that illness. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 676–692.
Morgan, J. T., Chana, G., Pardo, C. A., Achim, C., Semendeferi, K., Buckwalter, J., et al. (2010). Microglial activation and increased microglial density observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in autism. Biol. Psychiatry 68, 368–376.
Morgan, Z., Brugha, T., Fryers, T., and Stewart-Brown, S. (2012). The effects of parent-child relationships on later life mental health status in two national birth cohorts. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 47, 1707–1715.
Ng, F., Berk, M., Dean, O., and Bush, A. I. (2008). Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11, 851–876.
Northoff, G. (2012). Psychoanalysis and the brain – why did freud abandon neuroscience? Front. Psychol. 3:71. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00071
Penrose, L. S. (1931). Freud’s theory of instinct and other psycho-biological theories.Int. J. Psychoanal. 12, 87–97.
Pocock, J. M., and Kettenmann, H. (2007). Neurotransmitter receptors on microglia.Trends Neurosci. 30, 527–535.
Ransohoff, R. M., and Stevens, B. (2011). Neuroscience. How many cell types does it take to wire a brain? Science 333, 1391–1392.
Rooks, C., Veledar, E., Goldberg, J., Bremner, J. D., and Vaccarino, V. (2012). Early trauma and inflammation: role of familial factors in a study of twins. Psychosom. Med. 74, 146–152.
Schiavone, S., Sorce, S., Dubois-Dauphin, M., Jaquet, V., Colaianna, M., Zotti, M., et al. (2009). Involvement of NOX2 in the development of behavioral and pathologic alterations in isolated rats. Biol. Psychiatry 66, 384–392.
Solms, M., and Lechevalier, B. (2002). Neurosciences and psychoanalysis. Int. J. Psychoanal. 83, 233–237.
Solms, M., and Turnbull, O. (2002). The Brain and the Inner World: An Introduction to the Neuroscience of
Sugama, S., Fujita, M., Hashimoto, M., and Conti, B. (2007). Stress induced morphological microglial activation in the rodent brain: involvement of interleukin-18. Neuroscience 146, 1388–1399.
Sugama, S., Takenouchi, T., Fujita, M., Conti, B., and Hashimoto, M. (2009). Differential microglial activation between acute stress and lipopolysaccharide treatment. J. Neuroimmunol. 207, 24–31.
Tynan, R. J., Naicker, S., Hinwood, M., Nalivaiko, E., Buller, K. M., Pow, D. V., et al. (2010). Chronic stress alters the density and morphology of microglia in a subset of stress-responsive brain regions. Brain Behav. Immun. 24, 1058–1068.
Wake, H., Moorhouse, A. J., Jinno, S., Kohsaka, S., and Nabekura, J. (2009). Resting microglia directly monitor the functional state of synapses in vivo and determine the fate of ischemic terminals. J. Neurosci. 29, 3974–3980.
Williamson, L. L., Sholar, P. W., Mistry, R. S., Smith, S. H., and Bilbo, S. D. (2011). Microglia and memory: modulation by early-life infection. J. Neurosci. 31, 15511–15521.
Wohleb, E. S., Hanke, M. L., Corona, A. W., Powell, N. D., Stiner, L. M., Bailey, M. T., et al. (2011). Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism prevents anxiety-like behavior and microglial reactivity induced by repeated social defeat. J. Neurosci. 31, 6277–6288.
*Correspondence: Natalia Alina Topor, “Vasile Goldiş” Western University Arad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Life Science, no. 1 Constitution St., 310396, Arad, Romania, Tel. +40-(257)-222222, Fax. +40-(257)-222222, email alinatopor@gmail.com